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Considering the amount of time that I spend studying math here, a post about the contents of my math courses is long overdue. I'm taking three math courses: Number Theory, Combinatorics, and Mathematical Problem Solving. I dropped Galois Theory in order to keep up with my other courses, but I will still write about it here. Number TheoryIn Number Theory we study the properties of numbers, mostly of the integers. Prime numbers, divisors, and remainders are all frequently discussed. During the last lecture, we proved Chebyshev's Theorem, which says that for all natural numbers n, there exists at least one prime number between n and 2n. An example homework problem is to determine the last three digits of 2009^(2008^2007). That number is far too large for my computer to calculate, but if you know what you're doing, the problem is not hard. CombinatoricsCombinatorics is all about counting things. One way to prove that two formulas are equal is to show that they count the same thing. Here is an example problem: A certain bakery sells three types of donuts (glazed, chocolate, and jelly-filled). In how many ways can you buy two dozen donuts from this bakery if donuts of the same type are indistinguishable. This morning in Combo, we dove into Ramsey theory. A common introductory Ramsey theory problem can be stated like this: Show that in a group of six people, three people are mutually friends or three people are mutually not friends. It's not trivial, but you can probably prove this to yourself by thinking about it for a bit. Mathematical Problem SolvingWe see a large variety of problems in MPS, but each week we focus on a certain type of problem. The class is quite similar to Problem Solving Club at Calvin, except without dessert. This week our problems all have to do with powers of two. Today, we completely solved the game Nim for any number of stacks. Other weeks have focused on topics like recursion, subsets of sets, geometric inequalities, and geometry with circles. Galois TheoryThe French mathematician and political revolutionary Évariste Galois died in a duel at the age of 20. His mathematical discoveries were not appreciated during his lifetime, but now an entire branch of abstract algebra is named after him. While I was in the Galois theory class, we mostly studied polynomials. You may recall that the quadratic formula gives the roots of a quadratic polynomial. That is, it gives the solutions to the equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0. Similar but much more complex equations exist for cubic and quartic polynomials. One of the big results of Galois theory proves that no such "quintic equation" exits. More MathSo, now you've been introduced to my math courses, but attending class and doing homework are not the only ways that I have learned math this semester. Students in my program often discuss the problems that they are working on with each other. Here is one problem that was shared with me: Show that for any number, there is a power of two that starts with that many sevens. Another time, a friend convinced me that any proposition that can be verified by checking a countably infinite number of things can actually be verified in a finite amount of time. The reason for this comes from Turing machines and, more specifically, busy beaver numbers. It's too bad that not all finite amounts of time are feasible. Just today another friend shared a problem with me. The problem described a certain way of constructing "umbrellas" on the rational numbers and then asked the problem solver to "Show that when raining only the integers get wet." Also just today, all 200 Forint banknotes ceased to be legal tender. These bills may still be used at banks and post offices, but nowhere else. 200 Forint coins are replacing the bills. 200 Forints is worth a bit more than a US dollar, so this change is somewhat like replacing all dollar bills with coins in the States.
I'll leave you with two related problems. Let N = 747331, the identification number on my 200 Forint bill.
I won't provide any solutions here, but if you want to know how to solve a problem just ask. | |
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Budapest and Grand Rapids differ in a number of ways. This post will list a few that I have noticed. Let's start with the basics. Budapest has far more grand buildings and statues. (Grand Rapids has more Grand Rivers, but the Danube is pretty grand too.)
Above is a picture of the Parliament building with a lion from the chain bridge in the corner. Below, the Paul Street boys roll marbles.
As you might expect, Hungarian is the main language here. But Budapest is fairly cosmopolitan, and other languages can be found including English. Hungarians use the word "hello" as a way to say goodbye.
Oh, yeah, public displays of affection are more common here. But drinking fountains and peanut butter are not common at all. Nutella more than makes up for the lack of peanut butter, and carrying a water bottle makes drinking fountains unnecessary. Hungarians like their bottled water carbonated. At first, this bubbly water was strange, but now I prefer it to tap water. The hot water in the bathroom in my house comes from a small on-demand heater. The idea is good, but the implementation could use some work. Keeping the water temperature constant while taking a shower is a chore. I think most apartments and houses here have the same setup. Budapest has much better public transportation. Its network of metros, trams, and buses beats The Rapid hands down. I heard a German exchange student complain about the punctuality of the buses in Budapest, but it seems fine to me. Before traffic lights turn green here, the yellow and red lights shine together for a moment. I am a fan of this "get ready" phase.
There are more pedestrians here. The "walk on the right" convention is not followed as closely as I am used to. On side streets, cars yield to pedestrians willingly, but Hungarians don't jaywalk nearly as much as Americans. And the dogs are all well behaved. Some dogs are walked in the city without a leash. Once, I saw a man give his pug a pink pacifier. I wish I had a picture of that. Alcohol is more readily available here. Bars are often quite smoky. A lot of people in Budapest smoke. One bar is on the roof of a building. To Hungarians, the first floor of a building is the floor above the ground floor. Sometimes after ultimate practice, people from the team go out for a beer or two. Oh! That reminds me, only in Budapest can you play ultimate at Heroes' Square. Good exposure for the game!
Both Budapest and Grand Rapids have Office Depot. And some graffiti. But Budapest has far more public trash cans. The two orange things in this picture are for trash. (Somebody in a park by my house in Grand Rapids asked me to help petition for more trash cans last summer.)
Most paper here is A4, which is larger than the 8.5×11 paper in the States. I bought two notebooks together but only looked inside of one. The other, which was unexpectedly full of graph paper, is shown here beneath a notebook from the States and a highly recommended book.
Before I came here, I heard that Hungarians take a problem solving approach to mathematics. This is true. Three of the four math classes that I registered for have time set apart for working on problems during class. I like this approach in general, but my professors also ignore our textbooks more than I would prefer. Hungarians write their numbers differently. An unsuspecting American might mistake a Hungarian one for a seven. Hungarians distinguish between them by crossing their sevens. Also, they write nines like raised lower-case g's. I have adopted the Hungarian style for writing ones and sevens but not for nines. Hungarians count on their hand starting with their thumb. Thumbs up means one, a hand like a gun means two, etc. I'll leave you with one last image. Notice the lack of peanut butter and drinking fountains.
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I've been practicing with a local ultimate team each Tuesday and Thursday. We practice on Margit island, on the Danube in the middle of Budapest. We ask each other things like "Are we forcing Buda or Pest?" Everybody on the team speaks at least some English, but Hungarian is the default. The first Hungarian word I learned while playing with them was "bocs" meaning "sorry" or "oops."
The team's name is Hallodigaz-e, or just Hallod for short. This team plays at least as well as Calvin's team. A game between the two would be exciting. (I've heard that Calvin's team is doing well this year.) One rainy day only six people showed up to play, so we practiced layouts. I missed practice two days ago in order to attend a colloquium lecture at Eötvös University. Two other BSM students also play on the team. (And the captain of the team was in BSM a couple years ago.) The student that first told me about the team looked familiar to me. I also looked familiar to him. I thought that maybe we had seen each other at a tournament. But no, he had never played against Calvin. Then we figured it out. He and I have gone to the same summer camp a number of years. We first met the summer before my freshman year of high school. We probably learned to play ultimate together, and now we play together in Budapest. Cleats were relatively hard to find in this city. Only slightly less rare are running shoes. Tim and I ran a 5K on Margit island this morning. It has a very nice running path around its edge, close to the water. | |
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Classes started three weeks ago, but registration was not until last Thursday. During the three week trial period, everybody was free to attend whichever classes they were interested in. Some classes were cancelled because too few students showed up, and at least one split into two sections to reduce class size. I registered for six courses: Number Theory, Combinatorics, Galios Theory, Mathematical Problem Solving, Hungarian Art and Culture, and Hungarian Language. I can drop one if they turn out to be more than I can handle, which is somewhat likely. I think that Calvin will give me core credit for the culture course. It is my only course that has a mix of BSM and McDaniel students. Yesterday morning we took a field trip to the National Gallery. Everybody in my language course except me took the two-week Survival Hungarian course in August. I have some catching up to do. I am curious to see how much Hungarian I can learn by the end of the semester. See if you can guess some basic Hungarian words:
I started making this vocabulary quiz while chilling in the airport in Frankfurt but just recently got it working well. I will probably add words periodically throughout the semester. | |||||